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Species of the genusLathrobiumGravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from North America north of Mexico are reviewed and 41 species are recognized. Morphology and mitochondrial COI sequence data were used to guide species designations in three flightless lineages endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains, a biologically diverse region known for cryptic diversity. Using a combination of phylogeny, algorithm-based species delimitation analyses, and genitalic morphology, five new cryptic species are described and possible biogeographic scenarios for their speciation hypothesized:L. balsamenseHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. camplyacraHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. islaeHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. lividumHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. smokienseHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.Five additional species are described:L. absconditumHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. hardeniHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. lapidumHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.,L. solumHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov., andL. thompsonorumHaberski & Caterino,sp. nov.Two species are transferred fromLathrobiumtoPseudolathraCasey:Pseudolathra parcum(LeConte, 1880),comb. nov.andPseudolathra texana(Casey, 1905),comb. nov.Twenty-six names are reduced to synonymy. Lectotypes are designated for 47 species. Larvae are described where known, and characters of possible diagnostic value are summarized. Species diagnoses, distributions, illustrations of male and female genitalia, and a key toLathrobiumspecies known from the Nearctic region (including several introduced species) are provided.